Crew Parenting 101
Bill Miller
If you're the parent of a student new to crew, then most likely you're
unfamiliar with crew talk. Have no fear. Almost everyone, even the
kids, are new to the terms and procedures.
Here's a little primer
1. The term crew is used in American schools and colleges to designate
the sport of rowing. When outside of the academic sphere then the sport
is known as rowing, as in the United States Rowing Association or
Philadelphia Girl's Rowing Club. The British and European universities
and schools have rowing clubs and not crew clubs or varsity crew.
2. When you use the term crew you don't need to use the term team. To
say crew team is redundant. (This was a little error that I made for a
while.)
3. Rowing can be a general term to mean rowing a boat with one oar per
person or two oars per person. If you really want to get it right,
then, when a person is rowing with one oar then he/she is rowing, when
rowing with two oars he/she is sculling with a pair of sculls. Most
schools and colleges do not scull, but a few have sculling available to
enhance students' skills. Also, see next item.
4. It is perfectly correct to call the boat a boat. Another term that
is used is shell. Either term is commonly used. Do not make the mistake
of calling a shell/boat a "scull" as in "They rowed an eight-man scull
or single-scull" . A pair of sculls (oars specifically used for
sculling) is used to propel a sculling shell/boat (single, double,
quad, octapede). One never uses one scull and you can't row in or on a
scull. A single-scull is incorrect when referring to the boat. It is a
single-shell.
5. Nearly all the terms used in rowing are understandable except for
one. When a crew is to stop rowing, the cox'n, coach or someone will
call way-enough or way'nuff. This is a 19th Century American naval term
that has carried on through to today.
6. A crab is an event when a rower or sculler is unable to extract the
oar blade from the water at the finish of the drive (pulling phase of
the stroke) and a sloppy stroke occurs. This can happen when a rower
loses grip of the handle, makes an error in judging when to extract or
release the blade from the water, or if the boat tips to the side and
there's nowhere for the rower to lower his/her hands to extract the
blade. The result is usually a falter and some timing problems for a
few strokes. However, an over-the-head crab is more serious. Its when
the oar handle forces the rower onto his or her back and the handle
goes over his/her head. This usually causes a great deal of disruption
in the boat and in most cases the crew must stop rowing, recover the
oar, and then proceed. Still worse, but very rare, thus there is no
term for it, is an ejection. This may happen when racing and the boat
is moving very fast. The rower catches a crab and the oar handle gets
caught in the stomach causing the rower to be catapulted out of the
boat. The crew must stop to collect the swimmer and then go on.
7. The boat orientation terms are simple: the boat usually travels
forward and the forward end of the boat is called the bow. The trailing
end of the boat is called the stern. When facing forward in the boat
(like the coxswain but not the rowers) then the left side is port side
and the right side is the starboard side. A rower just beginning to row
may get switched from side to side, but at some time may row and
develop his/her skills on one side. The side chosen has nothing to do
with a person being right-handed or left-handed. Its chosen to make a
near equal number of port and starboard rowers and to balance the
potential skill levels. A crew doesn't want to have the best four
rowers on one side and the next four best rowers on the other.
Port Starboard
Stern
8. The positions in the boat are numbered according to the seating. The
seat closest to the bow is #1, next #2, and so on. The rowing seat
closest to the stern is #8 in an eight or #4 in a four and is also
called the stroke seat. The person rowing in this seat is the stroke.
9. The coxswain is the person that steers the boat. He/she is a
coxswain or cox'n or cox and he/she is coxing a boat. A cox'n usually
uses an electronic amplifier system called a CoxBox™. It not only
amplifies the cox'n's voice through a speaker system, but it has a
built in stroke rate meter and a timer. Some boats, usually fours, may
have a lie-down coxswain's position in the bow end instead of the
sit-up position in the stern.
He/she is very light so that the crew need not carry extra weight on
the race course. Most school and collegiate leagues, as well as
international rowing events, have a minimum weight for coxswains. The
minimum weights are different for girls'/women' s crew and boys'. Also,
minimum weights may differ from schools to colleges, from league to
league, and at international events. Your school or college coach will
know the coxswain's minimum weights. A cox'n below minimum weight can
still cox but must carry a bag of sand or other deadweight to
compensate for the weight deficiency.
10. Boat designations
Rowing boats:
Coxless-pair (2- or 2/wo) - two rowers/no cox'n
Coxed-pair (2+ or 2/w) - two rowers with cox'n
Coxless-four (4- or 4/wo) - four rowers/no cox'n
Coxed-four (4+ or 4/w) - four rowers with cox'n
Eight (8) - eight rowers always with cox'n
Sculling boats:
Single-sculls or single (1x) - one person sculling (w/pair of sculls)
Double-sculls or double (2x) - two people sculling
Quadruple-sculls or quad (4x) - four people sculling
Octuple-sculls or octapede (8x) - eight scullers (rare)
Sculls is plural and refers to the implements propelling the boat, so
you'd never say single-scull referring to the boat. It seems many
experienced rowing people have difficulty with this distinction.
11. Racing
Match Racing format
Most schools and colleges have a match racing season (Spring). This is
when two or three schools agree to race side-by-side on a straight, or
as straight as possible, course that can fit on the local
lake/river/bay. The boats lineup abreast, standing still and a
referee/starter, when satisfied that the crews are level and ready to
start, will give the commands Attention... Go. The boats start from a
standing stop and race in a lane either imaginary or marked by buoys
for a set distance. First boat to reach the finish line is the winner.
The international (Olympic) distance is 2000 meters (1¼ mile). High
schools may race 1500 meters and master rowers 1000 meters. The
Harvard-Yale Boat Race begun in 1852 is 4 miles and the
Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race begun in 1829 is 4¼ miles.
A time is usually taken and the margin between boats is recorded when a
flag at the finish is dropped or raised when the bow of each boat
crosses the line. Sometimes the margins are given in lengths. A length
is a boat-length. Visually, it is easy to estimate the distance by
boat-lengths. One boat-length would be when the bow (front tip) of one
boat is about even with the stern (aft tip) of another boat. There
could be multiples and fractions of a length: ¼ length, ½ length, ¾
lengths, 1½ lengths, 3 lengths, etc. (At the Henley Royal Regatta after
a race with a margin of 4 or 5 lengths the result is recorded as
easily.)
A boat length is relative to the size of the boat in the race. In an
eights race one length, about 58 feet, is different from one-length in
a fours race, about 40 feet. When a boat is more than 1 length ahead it
is referred to as open-water. Ask your son/daughter if they won by
"open-water" and they may be impressed, but then again...
When the margins are less than a length, then sometimes people use
seats as a measurement. A seat is the length of one station where the
rower sits, approximately 4½ feet. Example: the #2 rower in X boat was
even with the #1 rower in Y boat, then X boat is one seat ahead of Y
boat. You may hear that a crew won by three-seats, about 13-14 feet.
One more term is deck. The deck is the unmanned, covered bow section of
the boat (about 10 feet for an eight). Again, it is a visual cue. When
the bow-ball of X boat is barely ahead of the #1 person in Y boat, then
X boat is a deck behind of Y boat. These decks were once covered with a
canvas material and so the old term was a canvass rather than a deck.
If you visit Henley Royal Regatta they officially record a deck length
as a canvass.
Race times are recorded and it is usually a mistake to compare times
from one race to another or from a different day. An imperceptible
difference in wind can make a noticeable difference in times. Maybe
times can be compared in no wind conditions, but not much more than
this.
Championship Regattas
A Championship Regatta usually will have a maximum of about six boats
in a race at a time. Since Championship Regattas may have more than six
entries, a system of selecting the faster crews is used. There will be
qualifying heats to begin to sort the crews out. One format is the
first or first few crews go directly to the grand final (1-6 places),
the next or next few crews go to the petite (small) final (7-12
places). In another more formal format, there will be repechage races
to give the non-qualifying crews from the heats a second chance to
qualify for the Grand and Petite Finals.
Head Races
In the fall season there are head races. The name comes from a
traditional English race called the Head of the River. The first head
race was the Head of the Charles Regatta in Cambridge/Boston begun in
1965. Now there are many. These are usually open regattas with many
events defined in any way the regatta committee wishes to. A junior in
one regatta could be anyone under 19 years old, in another it could be
defined as high school.
The distance can vary, but usually in the 3 mile range. Sometimes the
race course is over a winding river like the Charles. The race is a
timed event with each crew starting in single file and negotiating the
race course as fast as possible. The start time and finish times are
recorded and the elapsed time calculated. The fastest time wins.
Sometimes in masters events there is an age adjusted handicap. Crews
passing each other is usually exciting, particularly on a narrow river
or tight bend. Crews don't really know how they placed until a printout
of the times is posted.
Henley Races
Henley races are named after a style of racing conducted at the famous
Henley Royal Regatta on the River Thames in England. The river is
narrow at Henley so only two boats race and the loser is eliminated and
the winner goes on to the next round. This format is popular for narrow
and/or short race courses in the U.S.
Hope this helps a little.
